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【英文标准名称】:Petroleumandliquidpetroleumproducts-Temperaturemeasurements-Manualmethods
【原文标准名称】:石油和液态石油产品温度计量手工法
【标准号】:ISO4268-2000
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:国际
【发布日期】:2000-09
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:国际标准化组织(IX-ISO)
【起草单位】:ISO/TC28
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:手工的;原油;热电偶;油罐;石油产品;温度测量;温度计
【英文主题词】:Crudeoils;Manual;Petroleumproducts;Storagetank;Temperaturemeasurement;Thermocouples;Thermometers
【摘要】:ThisInternationalStandardspecifiesmethods,proceduresandequipmentforthemanualmeasurementofthetemperatureofbulkquantitiesofpetroleumandpetroleumproductsinstoragetanks.Thepreferredmethodistouseaportableelectronicthermometerasdescribedinclause7.Othermethodsincludedusepermanentlyinstalledindicatingthermometersofthespot-measurementtypeandtemperaturedeterminationbysamplingmethodsusingcup-casethermometers,flushing-casethermometers,andthermometerswithinconventionaltanksamplestakeninaccordancewithISO3170.ThisInternationalStandardexcludesaveragingthermometersformingpartofanautomaticgaugingsystem.ThesearedescribedinISO4266.Itisrealizedthat,inmanycountries,someoralloftheitemscoveredbythisInternationalStandardarethesubjectofmandatoryregulationsimposedbythelawsofthosecountries;suchregulationsmustberigorouslyobserved.IncasesofconflictbetweensuchmandatoryregulationsandthisInternationalStandard,theformerprevails.
【中国标准分类号】:E30
【国际标准分类号】:17_200_20;75_080
【页数】:32P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语


【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforSelectionandUseofMathematicalMethodsforCalculatingAbsorbedDoseinRadiationProcessingApplications
【原文标准名称】:辐射处理设备的吸收剂量计算用数学方法的选择和使用的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTME2232-2010
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2010
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E10.01
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:benchmarking;deterministicmethod;discreteordinates;empiricalmethod;mathematicalmodels;modeling;modelling;MonteCarlo;pointkernel;radiationprocessing;radiationtransport;stochastic;validation;verification;Benchmarkprocessing/testing;D
【摘要】:UseasanAnalyticalTool8212;Mathematicalmethodsprovideananalyticaltooltobeemployedformanyapplicationsrelatedtoabsorbeddosedeterminationsinradiationprocessing.Mathematicalcalculationsmaynotbeusedasasubstituteforroutinedosimetryinsomeapplications(forexample,medicaldevicesterilization,foodirradiation).DoseCalculation8212;Absorbed-dosecalculationsmaybeperformedforavarietyofphoton/electronenvironmentsandirradiatorgeometries.EvaluateProcessEffectiveness8212;Mathematicalmodelsmaybeusedtoevaluatetheimpactofchangesinproductcomposition,loadingconfiguration,andirradiatordesignondosedistribution.ComplementorSupplementtoDosimetry8212;Dosecalculationsmaybeusedtoestablishadetailedunderstandingofdosedistribution,providingaspatialresolutionnotobtainablethroughmeasurement.Calculationsmaybeusedtoreducethenumberofdosimetersrequiredtocharacterizeaprocedureorprocess(forexample,dosemapping).AlternativetoDosimetry8212;Dosecalculationsmaybeusedwhendosimetryisimpractical(forexample,granularmaterials,materialswithcomplexgeometries,materialcontainedinapackagewheredosimetryisnotpracticalorpossible).FacilityDesign8212;Dosecalculationsareoftenusedinthedesignofanewirradiatorandcanbeusedtohelpoptimizedosedistributioninanexistingfacilityorradiationprocess.Theuseofmodelinginirradiatordesigncanbefoundinreferences(3-9).Validation8212;Thevalidationofthemodelshouldbedonethroughcomparisonwithreliableandtraceabledosimetricmeasurements.Thepurposeofvalidationistodemonstratethatthemathematicalmethodmakesreliablepredictionsofdoseandothertransportquantities.Validationcomparespredictionsortheorytotheresultsofanappropriateexperiment.Thedegreeofvalidationiscommensuratewiththeapplication.GuidanceisgiveninthedocumentsreferencedinAnnexA2.Verification8212;Verificationistheconfirmationofthemathematicalcorrectnessofacomputerimplementationofamathematicalmethod.Thiscanbedone,forexample,bycomparingnumericalresultswithknownanalyticsolutionsorwithothercomputercodesthathavebeenpreviouslyverified.Verificationshouldbedonetoensurethatthesimulationisappropriatefortheintendedapplication.Referto3.1.23.1.Note28212;CertainapplicationsofthemathematicalmodeldealwithOperationalQualification(OQ),PerformanceQualification(PQ)andprocesscontrolinradiationprocessingsuchasthesterilizationofhealthcareproducts.Theapplicationanduseofthemathematicalmodelintheseapplicationsmayhavetomeetregulatoryrequirements.RefertoSection6forprerequisitesforapplicationofamathematicalmethodandSection8forrequirementsbeforeroutineuseofthemathematicalmethod.Uncertainty8212;Anabsorbeddosepredictionshouldbeaccompaniedbyanestimateofoveralluncertainty,asitiswithabsorbed-dosedetermination(refertoISO/ASTM51707andNISTTechnicalNote1297).Inmanycases,absorbed-dosemeasurementhelpstoestablishtheuncertaintyinthedosecalculation.Thisguideshouldnotbeusedastheonlyreferenceintheselectionanduseofmathematicalmodels.Theuserisencoura......